Linux检测磁盘坏道

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在Debian11上Linux检测磁盘坏道记录

一、使用badblocks命令

语法 

badblocks [-svw][-b <区块大小>][-o <输出文件>][磁盘装置][磁盘区块数][启始区块]

参数说明：

-b<区块大小> 指定磁盘的区块大小，单位为字节。  
-o<输出文件> 将检查的结果写入指定的输出文件。  
-s 在检查时显示进度。  
-v 执行时显示详细的信息。  
-w 在检查时，执行写入测试。  
[磁盘装置] 指定要检查的磁盘装置。  
[磁盘区块数] 指定磁盘装置的区块总数。  
[启始区块] 指定要从哪个区块开始检查。

参考：Linux badblocks命令

实例：

1、列出磁盘信息

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user@user-pc:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk model: nal USB 3.0     
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x627a0fc4
Device     Boot      Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *          2048   41840639   41838592    20G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2         41842686 1953523711 1911681026 911.6G  f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5        222707712  419434495  196726784  93.8G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6        419436544  838868991  419432448   200G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda7        838871040 1187000319  348129280   166G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda8       1187002368 1396715519  209713152   100G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda9       1396717568 1953523711  556806144 265.5G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda10        41842688   56438783   14596096     7G 83 Linux
/dev/sda11        56440832   58439679    1998848   976M 82 Linux swap / Solaris                                                                               /dev/sda12        58441728   61046783    2605056   1.2G 83 Linux
/dev/sda13        61048832  222693375  161644544  77.1G 83 Linux

2、将检测坏道信息保存到文件：

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user@user-pc:~$ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda8 > /tmp/badsectors.txt # sudo badblocks -s -v /dev/sda8 -o badsectors.txt 
Checking blocks 0 to 104856575
Checking for ba  blocks (read-only test): done                                Pass completed, 0 bad blocks found. (0/0/0 errors)

3、修复（待验证）

(1)先用dd尽量备份坏块
dd if=/dev/sdb bs=4096 skip=扫描出的磁盘区块坏道 of=/tmp/15435904.dat count=1
(2)对这些坏块进行重写(注意! -w写测试会覆盖数据)
badblocks -w -f /dev/sdb 坏道结束编号 坏道起始编号
(3)如果前面的操作有成功的备份/tmp/15435904.dat, 就把它写回:
dd if=/tmp/15435904.dat of=/dev/sdb seek=15435904 bs=4096 count=1

参考：linux下利用badblocks程序在线修复坏道

也可以提示操作系统不要使用损坏区块存储
# e2fsck -l /tmp/badsectors.txt /dev/sdb

备注: 执行e2fsck命令前，需要先挂载设备

二、使用smartmontools工具扫描：

1、安装

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user@user-pc:~$ sudo apt update
命中:1 http://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable InRelease
...
命中:12 https://mirror.serverion.com/mariadb/repo/10.6/debian bullseye InRelease
已下载 39.4 kB，耗时 7秒 (5,607 B/s)                                           
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树... 完成
正在读取状态信息... 完成                 
所有软件包均为最新。
user@user-pc:~$ sudo apt install smartmontools
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树... 完成
正在读取状态信息... 完成                 
建议安装：
  gsmartcontrol smart-notifier mailx | mailutils
下列【新】软件包将被安装：
  smartmontools
升级了 0 个软件包，新安装了 1 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 0 个软件包未被升级。
需要下载 565 kB 的归档。
解压缩后会消耗 2,168 kB 的额外空间。
获取:1 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye/main amd64 smartmontools amd64 7.2-1 [565 kB]
已下载 565 kB，耗时 0秒 (1,212 kB/s)  
正在选中未选择的软件包 smartmontools。
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 172754 个文件和目录。)
准备解压 .../smartmontools_7.2-1_amd64.deb  ...
正在解压 smartmontools (7.2-1) ...
正在设置 smartmontools (7.2-1) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/smartd.service → /lib/systemd/system/smartmo
ntools.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/smartmontools.servic
e → /lib/systemd/system/smartmontools.service.
正在处理用于 man-db (2.9.4-2) 的触发器 ...

2、使用方法

检测路径根据$ sudo fdisk -l列出的对应。
（1）检测磁盘某部分

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user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda8 -x
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Vendor:               TO Exter
Product:              nal USB 3.0
Revision:             0104
Compliance:           SPC-4
User Capacity:        1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Logical block size:   512 bytes
Physical block size:  4096 bytes
LU is fully provisioned
Logical Unit id:      0x3020150331000810
Serial number:        2015033100081
Device type:          disk
Local Time is:        Fri Nov 26 09:43:16 2021 CST
SMART support is:     Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is:     Enabled
Temperature Warning:  Disabled or Not Supported
Read Cache is:        Enabled
Writeback Cache is:   Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Health Status: OK
Current Drive Temperature:     0 C
Drive Trip Temperature:        0 C

Error Counter logging not supported

No Self-tests have been logged

Device does not support Background scan results logging


（2）检测挂载的某个磁盘
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user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda -x
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Western Digital Blue
Device Model:     WDC WD10EZEX-08M2NA0
Serial Number:    WD-WCC3F5NUNC7S
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 20bf6d4ff
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity:    1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ACS-2, ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Fri Nov 26 09:44:39 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
AAM feature is:   Unavailable
APM feature is:   Unavailable
Rd look-ahead is: Enabled
Write cache is:   Enabled
DSN feature is:   Unavailable
ATA Security is:  Disabled, NOT FROZEN [SEC1]
Wt Cache Reorder: Unknown

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Status not supported: Incomplete response, ATA output registers missing
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Warning: This result is based on an Attribute check.
user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda -a
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Western Digital Blue
Device Model:     WDC WD10EZEX-08M2NA0
Serial Number:    WD-WCC3F5NUNC7S
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 20bf6d4ff
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity:    1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ACS-2, ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Fri Nov 26 12:25:59 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Status not supported: Incomplete response, ATA output registers missing
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Warning: This result is based on an Attribute check.

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82)	Offline data collection activity
					was completed without error.
					Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0)	The previous self-test routine completed
					without error or no self-test has ever 
					been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection: 		(11580) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: 			 (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
					Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
					Suspend Offline collection upon new
					command.
					Offline surface scan supported.
					Self-test supported.
					Conveyance Self-test supported.
					Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)	Saves SMART data before entering
					power-saving mode.
					Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01)	Error logging supported.
					General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time: 	 (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 ( 120) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 (   5) minutes.
SCT capabilities: 	       (0x3035)	SCT Status supported.
					SCT Feature Control supported.
					SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   200   200   051    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0027   173   165   021    Pre-fail  Always       -       2308
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   094   094   000    Old_age   Always       -       6265
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   200   200   140    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002e   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   095   095   000    Old_age   Always       -       4052
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       857
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       106
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   198   198   000    Old_age   Always       -       6159
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   106   085   000    Old_age   Always       -       37
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x0008   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

（3）检测挂载的另一个磁盘
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user@user-pc:~$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sdb -a
smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.10.0-9-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (AF)
Device Model:     ST500DM002-1BD142
Serial Number:    W2AYVPQG
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 06add6856
Firmware Version: KC65
User Capacity:    500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Fri Nov 26 12:32:11 2021 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
See vendor-specific Attribute list for marginal Attributes.

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82)	Offline data collection activity
					was completed without error.
					Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0)	The previous self-test routine completed
					without error or no self-test has ever 
					been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection: 		(  592) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: 			 (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
					Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
					Suspend Offline collection upon new
					command.
					Offline surface scan supported.
					Self-test supported.
					Conveyance Self-test supported.
					Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)	Saves SMART data before entering
					power-saving mode.
					Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01)	Error logging supported.
					General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time: 	 (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 (  79) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 (   2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: 	       (0x303f)	SCT Status supported.
					SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
					SCT Feature Control supported.
					SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x000f   101   099   006    Pre-fail  Always       -       353256
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0003   100   100   000    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   098   098   020    Old_age   Always       -       2889
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   100   100   036    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x000f   087   060   030    Pre-fail  Always       -       611100360
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   091   091   000    Old_age   Always       -       7963
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0013   100   100   097    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   098   098   020    Old_age   Always       -       2870
183 Runtime_Bad_Block       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
184 End-to-End_Error        0x0032   100   100   099    Old_age   Always       -       0
187 Reported_Uncorrect      0x0032   098   098   000    Old_age   Always       -       2
188 Command_Timeout         0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0 0 0
189 High_Fly_Writes         0x003a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022   062   044   045    Old_age   Always   In_the_past 38 (0 59 38 13 0)
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   038   056   000    Old_age   Always       -       38 (0 8 0 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered  0x001a   034   026   000    Old_age   Always       -       353256
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0010   100   100   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x003e   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
240 Head_Flying_Hours       0x0000   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       7949h+37m+36.458s
241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0000   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       1573025949
242 Total_LBAs_Read         0x0000   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       3066682191

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

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